Biological Impacts from Acidification
Ocean acidification changes water chemistry in ways that can hinder how marine species grow, reproduce, and survive.
Introduction to Biological Impacts from Acidification
Species react differently to environmental pH and aragonite saturation values. “Thresholds”, or tipping points, are a level when negative reactions start to occur, however, there can be a range of biological reactions to low pH and aragonite saturation values. There are natural differences in pH and aragonite saturation values across different coastal and marine habitats. Species can survive in a range of conditions, however, long-term survival depends on how species respond to unfavorable conditions at various life stages. For example, while adult species may be able to survive at low pH or aragonite saturation conditions, larval stages may not be able to survive in those same conditions.
Understanding the Biological Impacts Graphics
The Biological Impacts Graphics show conditions where negative impacts have been observed (blue and teal points and ranges), and potentially lethal (red lines) conditions for Mid-Atlantic species. Any pH or aragonite saturation state value above the points or ranges are considered to be healthy conditions where negative responses were not observed within the studies that were surveyed to create these graphics.
Data and Experimental Context
The conditions in the graphics show information that was compiled through a literature search of 80 publications (listed below). Some publications provided information on multiple species. All of the results are from laboratory experiments where seawater chemistry has been altered to simulate “acidic conditions”.
What is pH and Why is It Important?
pH is a scale that measures how acidic or basic the water is and ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, while values below 7 are acidic and values above 7 are basic. Each whole pH value (for example 7 to 8) represents a tenfold change in acidity or basicity. Typical open ocean pH is 8.2 to 8.1, whereas coastal and estuarine pH is lower, typically around 7.9.
Organisms can not survive when pH is too low or too high. When pH gets too low, or acidic, for organisms, biological functions such as reproduction, shell or skeleton formation, and growth can decrease or stop altogether.
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Talmage, S. C. and Gobler, C. J. 2009. The effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on the metamorphosis, size, and survival of larval hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), bay scallops (Argopecten irradians), and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Limnol. Oceanogr., 54(6): 2072-2080.
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Talmage, S. C. and Gobler, C. J. 2011. Effects of Elevated Temperature and Carbon Dioxide on the Growth and Survival of Larvae and Juveniles of Three Species of Northwest Atlantic Bivalves. PLoS ONE, 6(10): e26941. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026941
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Young, C. S. and Gobler, C. J. 2018. The ability of macroalgae to mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification on four species of North Atlantic bivalve. Biogeosci., 15: 6167-6183.
Zakroff, C. J. and Mooney, T. A. 2020. Antagonistic Interactions and Clutch-Dependent Sensitivity Induce Variable Responses to Ocean Acidification and Warming in Squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) Embryos and Paralarvae. Front. Physiol., 11: 501. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00501
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Zavell, M. D. and Baumann, H. 2024. Resiliency of black sea bass, Centropristis striata, early life stages to future high CO2 conditions. Environ. Biol. Fish., 107: 677-691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-024-01561-y
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